Research Propsal Draft Example

Research Propsal Draft Example Research Propsal Draft – Research Proposal Example Research Proposal Draft Theoretical Framework The prime objective of the research study attempts to develop an illustrative elaboration on the effectiveness of nurses in teaching patients on smoking cessation. In this regard, the major problem to the nurses is to be highly effective in managing the cessation of smoking practices among patients who are intensely habituated to such habits. As smoking is considered quite addictive in nature, the effectiveness of nurses in this regard becomes highly challenging that expands beyond conventional medical care facilities to providing psychological assistance to the patients. Nevertheless, the theory of trans-theoretical model greatly supports the nurses in their objectives. In this regard, trans-theoretical model supports an individual to change patient’s behavior overcoming such cessation (Kolundzija, Gajic, Misic-Pavkov & Maras, 2011). The theory of trans-theoretical model suggests of the certain stages of behavioral changes, which are highly applicable in controlling the cessation of smoking. In this regard, pre-contemplation is regarded as the stage in which, the patients do not intend to change. The next stage is denoted as contemplation, where the patients realize the need of behavioral changes. The subsequent stage is the preparation, where the patients intend to implement certain actions for the change. Correspondingly, in the following stage i.e. action, the patients are encouraged and driven towards efficiently changing his/her behavior to a non-smoking individual. The next stage of change according to trans-theoretical model is maintenance. This is quite an important stage, where patients need to maintain his/her non-smoking behavior. The last stage in the process is Termination, where the patients are noted to have the desire to quit their addiction (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). Thus, it is also evident that the theory of trans-theoretical model is highly applicable to the curren t project related to cessation of smoking (Kolundzija, Gajic, Misic-Pavkov & Maras, 2011). The underneath diagram herewith depicts the stages of behavioral change as per the theory of trans-theoretical model that will be implemented in the study initiated. Source: (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013)ReferencesBoston University School of Public Health. (2013). The transtheoretical model (stages of change). Retrieved from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/SB721-Models/SB721-Models6.html Kolundzija, K., Gajic, Z., Misic-Pavkov, G. & Maras, J. S. (2011). Core constructs of the trans-theoretical model of behavior change. Curr Top Neurol Psychiatr Relat Discip, 19(1), 48-52.

Average AP Scores for Every AP Exam

Average AP Scores for Every AP Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking an AP class this year? You might be wondering about average AP scores or what good AP scores are for certain classes. Or if you are thinking about taking AP exams in the future, you might want to know which exams have the highest passing rates. In this post, we will break down the average score for each AP test, as well as the average passing rate. We will also show you how to interpret this info and how to use it to make decisions about your schedule. Average AP Score by Test Instead of giving you an overall average score for all AP tests, we will show you the average score for every AP exam. We break it down by test because every AP test is different. It’s important to know the average score for whichever test you are taking or thinking about taking. We will also explore how you can use this info- and learn why the exams with the highest passing rates are not the easiest! But first, the data. The table contains the national average scores for each AP exam from 2018. Remember that AP exams are scored from 1 to 5, with 3 and higher considered passing rates. We have sorted the exams from highest average scoreto lowest. Take a look: AP Test Average Score Chinese Language 4.31 Calculus BC 3.74 Japanese Language 3.70 Spanish Language 3.69 Studio Art Drawing 3.65 Physics C EM 3.60 Physics C Mechanics 3.55 Studio Art 2-D Design 3.48 Spanish Language (Standard) 3.45 French Language 3.32 German Language 3.31 Economics - Micro 3.21 Computer Science A 3.18 Music Theory 3.18 Research 3.17 French Language (Standard) 3.16 Seminar 3.15 Italian Language 3.14 Psychology 3.14 Gov. and Politics - Comparative 3.12 Computer Science Principles 3. Studio Art 3-D Design 3. Chinese Language (Standard) 3.06 Spanish Literature 3.06 Calculus AB 3.05 Art History 3.04 Physics 2 2.97 German Language (Standard) 2.96 Economics - Macro 2.96 Latin 2.94 Japanese Language (Standard) 2.89 European History 2.89 Italian Language (Standard) 2.88 Statistics 2.88 Biology 2.87 English Language 2.83 Chemistry 2.80 World History 2.78 Human Geography 2.72 Gov. and Politics - US 2.70 United States History 2.66 Environmental Science 2.63 English Literature 2.57 Physics 1 2.36 Via College Board. Check out the link for a complete distribution of scores for each AP exam. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. One very important fact to note is that high average scores don't correspond to the easiest exams! Chinese, Calculus BC, Japanese, and Spanish Language are the AP tests with the highest average scores, but they are all known to be quite difficult. Also note that native speakers, or students with experience living abroad, tend to take the AP language exams, which inflates their average scores (for the average of those who learned in a classroom, check the "Standard" score). Furthermore, some of the tests with the lowest averages are often regarded as some the easiest APs- Human Geography, Environmental Science, and US Government. So why are their passing rates so low? This is because freshmen and sophomores might take these as their first-ever AP classes. Even though the content is easier than, say, Calculus, all AP exams are tough and could be hard for a younger student to do well on. It’s also possible that students simply don’t study enough for the â€Å"easier† exams because they underestimate them. All AP tests are difficult, even if some are easier than others. To sum up, the average score can say more about the students taking the exam than the exam itself. Don’t sign up for BC Calculus just because the average score is super high. And by the same token, don’t avoid AP Environmental Science because the average score is relatively low. Focus on your own strengths and interests when signing up for AP classes! What's a Good AP Score? Beyond the basic averages, it’s helpful to have some context about what a "good" AP score is. A score of 3 or higher is generally considered good, because that means you passed the exam! A 4 is considered very good, and a 5 is especially impressive since it is the highest score. Also keep in mind that every college sets its own policy about AP credit. Some schools only give credit for scores of 4 or 5. Check the AP credit database to find out the AP credit policy for schools you're interested in. But with that in mind, let’s look at which 2019 AP exams have the highest passing rates- a.k.a. rates of scores over 3. We also note the percentage of students who get a 5, the highest score. Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) 5 Rate Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% 20.8% Spanish Language and Culture 89% 24.9% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% 57.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% 21% Calculus BC 81.5% 43.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% 35.9% Seminar 80.7% 6.8% French Language and Culture 76.7% 15.5% Research 76.2% 10.8% Japanese Language and Culture 75% 38.2% Computer Science Principles 72.7% 13.6% Spanish Literature 71.9% 9.1% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% 34.6% German Language and Culture 70.5% 18.4% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% 10.1% Computer Science A 69.9% 27% Microeconomics 68.4% 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% 22.2% Biology 64.6% 7.1% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% .8% Psychology 64.4% 20.2% Art History 63.9% 12% Physics 2 63.5% 12.6% Music Theory 63.4% 20.9% Latin 63.1% 13.1% Statistics 59.2% 14.5% European History 58.4% .7% Calculus AB 58.3% 18.9% Macroeconomics 57.9% 17.6% World History 56% 8.7% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% 12.9% English Language and Composition 55.1% 10.1% Chemistry 54.6% 10.7% United States History 54.3% 12.1% English Literature and Composition 50.1% 6.2% Environmental Science 49.6% 9.5% Human Geography 49.1% 10.7% Physics 1 44.6% 6.2% Source: College Board. For language rates, "Total" includes all students, while "Standard" includes only those students who didn't indicate they speak this language at home or spent more than four weeks studying it abroad. Again, note that some of the toughest exams- like Chinese and BC Calculus- have very high passing rates. Notice also the exams with very low 5 rates (below 10%), including Physics 1, English Literature, and Environmental Science. It will look especially impressive if you can earn a 5 on these tests! So Which AP Classes Should You Take? The goal of taking an AP class is to get a good grade in it and also pass the AP test. Doing both these things will show colleges that you can handle college-level material, and scoring high enough on the AP test can help you get college credit. You want to take AP classes you think you'll do well in. However, be careful about signing up for exams based on their average scores alone. As we saw above, some of the toughest exams (like Physics, AB and BC Calculus, and many of the foreign languages) have the highest passing rates, and some of the easiest exams (like Environmental Science and Human Geography) have the lowest passing rates. This means you shouldn't sign up for AP classes based on just their passing rates. Do some research before signing up for an AP class and make sure it’s the right fit for you. Ask older classmates how difficult they've found certain AP classes. Also, think about your own academic strengths and the classes you enjoy the most. If you love math and have always been good at it, you can probably score well on an AP Calculus exam even though they're known for being difficult. Also be careful not to overload yourself! If you cram too many AP classes into your schedule, it will be harder to pass the exams. Finally, note that these are the national averages. The passing rates for different subjects could be very different at your school. If you want to find out the passing rates for these classes at your school, talk to your guidance counselor and they can help you find that info. For example, some teachers have passing rates for their AP classes above 90%. If you have a teacher like that at your school, and they teach an AP subject you are interested in, you will likely have a very high chance of passing. One last word of advice: check out our scoring guide to see how AP scores are calculated to help you develop a target raw score to help you pass. Understanding how the exam is scored is a very important step in preparing for AP tests. What's Next? Learn about what AP Exams are like and how to avoid fatigue. Check out our guide on AP test length for exclusive tips! Want help deciding which AP classes will be easiest for you to take? We will show you which factors to consider to find the easiest AP classes for your schedule. Trying to decide between the ACT and SAT? Read our guide to decide which is best for you- and learn why it’s best to just focus on one test. Get tips on the SAT from our 1600 Full Scorer- you can also put the same techniques to use when studying for AP exams, especially the multiple choice sections! Get advice on writing SAT and ACT essays. If you’re going for perfection, you can even learn how to write a perfect SAT essay or a perfect ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

President Obama What You Need to Know Before You Start Your First Job

President Obama What You Need to Know Before You Start Your First Job On paper, President Barack Obama’s story and mine don’t have that much in common. (Our daily lives are pretty different, to say the least- I can’t remember the last time I threw a dinner party for 20 of my closest world leader friends.) You may not think you and President Obama don’t have much in common, either. But both you and I would be incorrect- we all have something very important in common. Everyone, including future presidents, had to start somewhere. In President Obama’s case (and mine!), that start was in the ice cream biz. These days, the President likely has a team of people ready to bring him ice cream whenever he wants it. But once upon a time, he was a teen looking for a foothold in the working world. Like all of us at the very beginning, he was eager for skills and experience that would lead to the next opportunity, then another and another. And while everyone’s path is different, and may not lead to the White House, there are some universal things that we all take from our early job experiences.Work kind of sucks.Sometimes work is great! Sometimes we love our coworkers, and have awesome days. But even in the happiest of times in the best-fitting of jobs, there will be overwhelming days, or times when we hate it. That realism is an unavoidable lesson from one’s first job. Optimism is fantastic, but should always be tempered somewhat with the pragmatic philosophy that sometimes things will be hard, and we need to learn how to power through that.You learn something at every job you’ll ever have.For example, after my own high school summers serving Blizzards, I learned that I was no longer interested in serving food to people. But I also learned skills like how to use a cash register, how to deal with coworkers of varying competence, and how a small business franchise operates.I didn’t pursue a long-term career related to ice cream sales, but I developed a skill base that I can always d raw on, all these years later. Even if you worked someplace for three days before quitting in horror, chances are you learned either something about the workplace in general, or something about yourself.Time management is the key.There are very few jobs out there that are totally unstructured. Whether you got up at 6 a.m. to work a shift, or needed to figure out how to check off your to-do list in order to get out on time at 5 p.m., those early jobs helped instill in us a sense of what time means in the professional world.The workplace is a community.That may sound a little â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke,† but it’s true- working is something all of us have in common. Any workplace is its own little community, with traditions, responsibilities, and a whole bunch of different personalities pushed together for many hours per week. And that little community fits into the broader community somehow, whether it’s providing services or filling needs.At so me point, whether in the near past or the distant past, all of us were green kids with few skills. Looking back and understanding how those early jobs helped us, no matter what path we chose after those earliest opportunities, makes us all the stronger in the future.Source:  LinkedIn

International law. The case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International law. The case - Essay Example Natural products are fetching ever more precious in today's society. An important part of the shopper market is persuaded that natural products are linked with security and health, while artificial products are linked to unwanted side effects. In reaction to this trend, significant shifts are happening in many industrial sectors, such as food, drink, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, mostly because of rising feelings of the benefits of "lifestyle in agreement with nature". Since gathering consumer wants and expectations are of main significance for companies' competitiveness, there is a "gold race" for the use of natural elements as raw materials to expand a broad diversity of products. According to the Expert Ferreira, the "green wave" has led therapeutic plant sharing companies to seek "new products", with a sight to supplying the increasing demand in this market. Certainly, the similar thinking could be extensive to other industrial sectors intimately connected to human health, hygiene and food. This is the cause why rising countries abruptly discover themselves in the attention because of the sometimes huge biodiversity of plants rising within their boundaries. According to the Constitution of the United States gives Congress the authority to pass laws connecting to patents, in Article I, section 8, which reads "Congress shall have power to endorse the development of science and helpful arts, by securing for imperfect times to authors and inventors the elite right to their individual writings and discoveries." (US Constitution online, 2006) Under this authority Congress has from time to time enacted a range of laws relating to patents. The first patent law was enacted in 1790. The patent laws underwent a universal revision which was enacted July 19, 1952, and which came into result January 1, 1953. It is codified in Title 35, United States Code. As well, on November 29, 1999, Congress enacted the American Inventors Protection Act of 1999 (AIPA), which more revised the patent laws. See Public Law 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501 (1999). The patent law specifies the topic substance for which a patent may be obtained and the conditions for patentabili ty. The law establishes the United States Patent and Trademark Office to administer the law connecting to the yielding of patents and contains a range of other provisions linking to patents (Ray, 2003). A product can not be patented if any information is already available about it in any domestic or international level journals. So giving patent rights to Omni was wrong and the request for revocation should be granted as information was available in journal articles present in the libraries of state Y. Patents on Natural Products Investments in study and development are closely related to the hope of obtaining rights over the results, in order to recompense for the money spent throughout the work, which can be important through many years of study. Thus, given the spirited nature of modern life, it has become essential to offer incentives for study and growth

PROJECT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PROJECT ANALYSIS - Essay Example The CRM is a significant business management tool employed in the contemporary business environment for enabling organisations to achieve their business goals effectively. The case study involves Warnaco Group Company, which is a women’s clothing industry whose team is charged with installation of a new CRM system at the marketing department level of the company. Information-gathering Techniques and Design Methods Most of the technical staff members understand the significant of collecting information from clients, users, employees, stakeholders and many others as the fundamental part of their job. Most of them employ both qualitative and quantitative research design methods for data collection in order to obtain their intended project goals effectively. The there are various ways or techniques of gathering information and the most common methods employed includes surveys, focused groups, interviews, questionnaires and literature searches. However, these methods depend on what the technical staff in the Warnaco Group Company demand; thus defining the information they need through designing effective methods will enable them to retrieve information successfully. Gathering information is one of the first crucial aspect for technical officers and many technical staff members attempt to muddle their way by employing a poorly planned information gathering technique in project process. Myers and Avison (2002) argue that well planned methodologies and implementation of effective techniques in data collection process is vital. Questionnaires/Surveys The technical team in the Warnaco Group Company will employ surveys and questionnaires in gathering information before the installation of CRM software system in an organisation. These techniques are significant because they will enable the technical team to reach a large audience across the departments. Employing specific questions can enable project designers to get a clear data set than surveys because surveys ten d to produce a low response than questionnaires, which can produce a higher response. However, the technical team or project design team can increase survey response and this is through ensuring that the survey questions focuses only on the concept of CRM system. According to Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger (2005), the use of questionnaires and survey designs will enable one to design a project effectively because it tells what people wants. Knowing what people wants can be the key factor for the success of any project being implemented. Many companies measure the attitude of employees and customers; thus the best way to gather or find information about them is to design survey or conduct interviews. Focused Groups The technical staff members of the project can employ focused group discussion or group interview and this is vital because it can enable them to gather adequate information about the project. Focused groups are effective especially in case the interviewer want to create a dialogue about the project program. This can enable respondents to interact freely with the project designers; thus gathering significant information about the project. The use of focused group is vital because this technique is mostly employed in testing new approaches such as discovering stakeholders concern towards the installation of the CRM software in the Warnaco Group Company. A group of stakeholders of the company can meet in a discussion or conference room whereby the trained moderator will train

Suicidal Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Suicidal Behavior - Case Study Example Nevertheless, I have established the following cause and effect relationship for the suicidal case: Family related - an abusive father with grave personal issues such as gambling addiction (p. 86); a self-destructive mother who eventually died leaving the children to fend for themselves (p. 86); a sister as a source of envy (p. 88). Suicidal tendencies common in the family (p. 86). Self related - attempt to make people around feel guilty; tendency to blame self for the miseries happening around her (p. 95). The narrator also had the feeling of being powerless of saving the parent whom he loved very much (p. 93). Society related - being a woman at that time (stated to be 1972) was disadvantageous because of the concept of man as superior than his partner. (p. 92). There was also a lack of effectiveness for the support and rescue system such as tranquilizers only causing lethargy, uninspired trainee psychiatrist and ignorant love of nuns at the convent school (p. 85). The Cause and Effect analysis reveals many important points for the determination of the suicidal tendencies. Foremost of the reason is the abusive father who found it appropriate to make his children suffer as he did. He had a hard background and the pressure of supporting his children and his mentally challenged wife was too much for him to bear. He saw his family as people who made him suffer and so he must make them suffer. Backed by the notion that the man is the head of the family, he could have deemed it fit to treat to make his family recognize his superior masculinity, albeit, to a serious and violent degree. The patriarchal system pervading the period was also providing the justification for the abusive act. Self-destruction it appears runs in the family. The mother and sister had it as well as the narrator. However, it becomes more important to point out that such unfortunate situation can be more attributed to the unfortunate life that their parents had. The narrator's mother fended for herself at the young age of 10 while the father was forced to work and forget schooling. Misery for those misfortunes made itself known thru violence. There is also a cause and effect relationship for her survival. It is as follows: 1. Narrator successfully repressing her suicidal tendency Family related - fond memories for her mother who taught her the value of cheerfulness; a newfound sibling relationship with her

The Necessity of Landfill Diversion in the United States Research Paper

The Necessity of Landfill Diversion in the United States - Research Paper Example In fact, the U.S. is not just one of the world leaders when it comes to manufacturing consumer goods; it is also taking the lead in waste generation. In 2010 alone, â€Å"Americans generated about 250 million tons of trash and recycled and composted over 85 million tons of this material, equivalent to a 34.1 percent recycling rate† (EPA 2010). With this data, it would appear that every individual in the U.S. generates 4.43 pounds of waste every day. However, the possibility of solutions in the near future is still dim and proving this is another estimate from the Environmental Protection Agency or EPA that out of the 250 million tons generated, only 85 million tons of waste would actually make their way to the recycling and composting plants. This is only 34.1 percent of the waste generated. This means that majority of the said waste are directed to one of the most commonly used solid waste management method in the world, the landfill. There are basically two kinds of wastes, organic and non-organic. The former are those that could be left to decompose through natural means while latter could not be subjected to the same treatment because of its highly synthetic composition. Both, however, contribute to the growing problem of solid waste management, especially because both could become hazards to the environment. Despite the fact that organic wastes could decompose and its composition be assimilated by the soil, these could still produce threats to the environment. During the process of putrefaction, organic wastes are known to trigger gas emissions and leaching that could contaminate the air and the soil respectively. There have been many cases also where groundwater is contaminated because of leaching. The non-organic wastes, on the other hand, pose a threat to both humans and the environment because these could contain substances that could be toxic. Since non-organic wastes do not decompose, the solutions that have been applied to these are recycling and reusing. As for the organic wastes, these are delivered to landfills where these are left to decompose through purely natural means or through the intervention of certain treatment that would hasten the process. Due to the fact that landfills are basically environmentally hazardous, there had been various studies carried for the purpose of determining safer designs that could be applied for their construction. However, there have been countless cases when leaks did occur resulting to the bacterial or viral contamination of the groundwater. Aside from this, landfills also contribute to air pollution and to the greenhouse effect because of its methane emissions. In the U.S. and in Europe, where the landfill is an integral part of solid waste management, areas that could be designated for such purpose are fast running out even as the demand for more numerous and bigger sites continue to increase. It is because of the â€Å"large numbers and the expanses of valuable real estate th ey occupy† that the landfills are problems that are becoming increasingly serious (Tammemagi 5). With all these issues attributed to landfills, there is clearly a need to determine alternative solid waste management methods. The introduction of such methods should lead to the reduction of the U.S.’s reliance on landfills and to shift instead to methods that are more viable and safer for both humans and t